Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca

Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475–June 26, 1541) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. With a small force of Spaniards, he was able to capture Atahualpa, emperor of the mighty Inca Empire, in 1532. Eventually, he led his men to victory over the Inca, collecting mind-boggling quantities of gold and silver along the way. Fast Facts: Francisco Pizarro Known For: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca EmpireBorn: ca. 1471–1478 in Trujillo, Extremadura, SpainParents: Gonzalo Pizarro Rodrà ­guez de Aguilar and Francisca Gonzalez, a maid in the Pizarro householdDied: June 26, 1541 in Lima, PeruSpouse(s): Inà ©s Huaylas Yupanqui (Quispe Sisa).Children: Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui, Gonzalo Pizarro Yupanqui Early Life Francisco Pizarro was born between 1471 and 1478 as one of several illegitimate children of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodrà ­guez de Aguilar, a nobleman in Extremadura province, Spain. Gonzalo had fought with distinction in wars in Italy; Franciscos mother was Francisca Gonzalez, a maid in the Pizarro household. As a young man, Francisco lived with his mother and siblings and tended animals in the fields. As a bastard, Pizarro could expect little in the way of inheritance and decided to become a soldier. It is likely that he followed in his fathers footsteps to the battlefields of Italy for a time before hearing of the riches of the Americas. He first went to the New World in 1502 as part of a colonization expedition led by Nicolà ¡s de Ovando. San Sebastià ¡n de Uraba and the Darià ©n In 1508, Pizarro joined the Alonso de Hojeda expedition to the mainland. They fought the natives and created a settlement called San Sebastià ¡n de Urabà ¡. Beset by angry natives and low on supplies, Hojeda set out for Santo Domingo in early 1510 for reinforcements and supplies. When Hojeda did not return after 50 days, Pizarro set out with the surviving settlers to return to Santo Domingo. Along the way, they joined an expedition to settle the Darià ©n region: Pizarro served as second in command to Vasco Nuà ±ez de Balboa. First South American Expeditions In Panama, Pizarro established a partnership with fellow conquistador Diego de Almagro. News of Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s audacious (and lucrative) conquest of the Aztec Empire fueled the burning desire for gold among all of the Spanish in the New World, including Pizarro and Almagro. They made two expeditions from 1524 to 1526 along the western coast of South America: harsh conditions and native attacks drove them back both times. On the second trip, they visited the mainland and the Inca city of Tumbes, where they saw llamas and local chieftains with silver and gold. These men told of a great ruler in the mountains, and Pizarro became more convinced than ever that there was another rich Empire like the Aztecs to be looted. Third Expedition Pizarro personally went to Spain to make his case to the king that he should be allowed a third chance. King Charles, impressed with this eloquent veteran, agreed and awarded Pizarro the governorship of lands he acquired. Pizarro brought his four brothers back with him to Panama: Gonzalo, Hernando, Juan Pizarro, and Francisco Martà ­n de Alcà ¡ntara. In 1530, Pizarro and Almagro returned to the western shores of South America. On his third expedition, Pizarro had about 160 men and 37 horses. They landed on what is now the coast of Ecuador near Guayaquil. By 1532 they made it back to Tumbes: it was in ruins, having been destroyed in the Inca Civil War. The Inca Civil War While Pizarro was in Spain, Huayna Capac, Emperor of the Inca, had died, possibly of smallpox. Two of Huayna Capacs sons began fighting over the Empire: Huà ¡scar, the elder of the two, controlled the capital of Cuzco. Atahualpa, the younger brother, controlled the northern city of Quito, but more importantly had the support of three major Inca Generals: Quisquis, Rumià ±ahui, and Chalcuchima. A bloody civil war raged across the Empire as Huà ¡scar and Atahualpas supporters fought. Sometime in mid-1532, General Quisquis routed Huà ¡scars forces outside of Cuzco and took Huà ¡scar prisoner. The war was over, but the Inca Empire was in ruins just as a far greater threat approached: Pizarro and his soldiers. Capture of Atahualpa In November 1532, Pizarro and his men headed inland, where another extremely lucky break was awaiting them. The nearest Inca city of any size to the conquistadors was Cajamarca, and Emperor Atahualpa happened to be there. Atahualpa was savoring his victory over Huà ¡scar: his brother was being brought to Cajamarca in chains. The Spanish arrived in Cajamarca unopposed: Atahualpa did not consider them a threat. On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa agreed to meet with the Spanish. The Spanish treacherously attacked the Inca, capturing Atahualpa and murdering thousands of his soldiers and followers. Pizarro and Atahualpa soon made a deal: Atahualpa would go free if he could pay a ransom. The Inca selected a large hut in Cajamarca and offered to fill it half full with golden objects, and then fill the room twice with silver objects. The Spanish quickly agreed. Soon the treasures of the Inca Empire began flooding into Cajamarca. The people were restless, but none of Atahualpas generals dared attack the intruders. Hearing rumors that the Inca generals were planning an attack, the Spanish executed Atahualpa on July 26, 1533. After Atahualpa Pizarro appointed a puppet Inca, Tupac Huallpa, and marched on Cuzco, the heart of the Empire. They fought four battles along the way, defeating the native warriors every time. Cuzco itself did not put up a fight: Atahualpa had recently been an enemy, so many of the people there viewed the Spanish as liberators. Tupac Huallpa sickened and died: he was replaced by Manco Inca, a half-brother to Atahualpa and Huà ¡scar. The city of Quito was conquered by Pizarro agent Sebastià ¡n de Benalcà ¡zar in 1534 and, apart from isolated areas of resistance, Peru belonged to the Pizarro brothers. Pizarros partnership with Diego de Almagro had been strained for some time. When Pizarro had gone to Spain in 1528 to secure royal charters for their expedition, he had acquired for himself the governorship of all lands conquered and a royal title: Almagro only got a title and the governorship of the small town of Tumbez. Almagro was furious and nearly refused to participate in their third joint expedition: only the promise of the governorship of as-yet undiscovered lands made him come around. Almagro never quite shook the suspicion (probably correct) that the Pizarro brothers were trying to cheat him out of his fair share of the loot. In 1535, after the Inca Empire was conquered, the crown ruled that the northern half belonged to Pizarro and the southern half to Almagro: however, vague wording allowed both conquistadors to argue that the rich city of Cuzco belonged to them. Factions loyal to both men nearly came to blows: Pizarro and Almagro met and decided that Almagro would lead an expedition to the south (into present-day Chile). It was hoped that he would find great wealth there and drop his claim to Peru. Inca Revolts Between 1535 and 1537 the Pizarro brothers had their hands full. Manco Inca, the puppet ruler, escaped and went into open rebellion, raising a massive army and laying siege to Cuzco. Francisco Pizarro was in the newly founded city of Lima most of the time, trying to send reinforcements to his brothers and fellow conquistadors in Cuzco and organizing shipments of wealth to Spain (he was always conscientious about setting aside the royal fifth, a 20% tax collected by the crown on all treasure collected). In Lima, Pizarro had to fend off a ferocious attack led by Inca General Quizo Yupanqui in August of 1536. The First Almagrist Civil War Cuzco, under siege by Manco Inca in early 1537, was rescued by the return of Diego de Almagro from Peru with what was left of his expedition. He lifted the siege and drove off Manco, only to take the city for himself, capturing Gonzalo and Hernando Pizarro in the process. In Chile, the Almagro expedition had found only harsh conditions and ferocious natives: he had come back to claim his share of Peru. Almagro had the support of many Spaniards, primarily those who had come to Peru too late to share in the spoils: they hoped that if the Pizarros were overthrown that Almagro would reward them with lands and gold. Gonzalo Pizarro escaped, and Hernando was released by Almagro as part of the peace negotiations. With his brothers behind him, Francisco decided to do away with his old partner once and for all. He sent Hernando into the highlands with an army of conquistadors, and they met Almagro and his supporters on April 26, 1538, at the Battle of Salinas. Hernando was victorious, while Diego de Almagro was captured, tried, and executed on July 8, 1538. Almagros execution was shocking to the Spaniards in Peru, as he had been raised to nobleman status by the king some years before. Death For the next three years, Francisco mainly remained in Lima, administrating his empire. Although Diego de Almagro had been defeated, there was still much resentment among late-coming conquistadors against the Pizarro brothers and the original conquistadors, who had left slim pickings after the fall of the Inca Empire. These men rallied around Diego de Almagro the younger, son of Diego de Almagro and a woman from Panama. On June 26, 1541, supporters of the younger Diego de Almagro, led by Juan de Herrada, entered Francisco Pizarros home in Lima and assassinated him and his half-brother Francisco Martà ­n de Alcà ¡ntara. The old conquistador put up a good fight, taking down one of his attackers with him. With Pizarro dead, the Almagrists seized Lima and held it for almost a year before an alliance of Pizarrists (led by Gonzalo Pizarro) and royalists put it down. The Almagrists were defeated at the Battle of Chupas on September 16, 1542: Diego de Almagro the younger was captured and executed shortly after that. Legacy The cruelty and violence of the conquest of Peru is undeniable—it was essentially outright theft, mayhem, murder, and rape on a massive scale—but it is hard not to respect the sheer nerve of Francisco Pizarro. With only 160 men and a handful of horses, he brought down one of the largest civilizations in the world. His brazen capture of Atahualpa and decision to back the Cuzco faction in the simmering Inca civil war gave the Spaniards enough time to gain a foothold in Peru that they would never lose. By the time Manco Inca realized that the Spanish would not settle for anything less than the complete usurpation of his empire, it was too late. As far as the conquistadors go, Francisco Pizarro was not the worst of the lot (which isnt necessarily saying much). Other conquistadors, such as Pedro de Alvarado and his brother Gonzalo Pizarro, were much crueler in their dealings with the native population. Francisco could be cruel and violent, but in general, his acts of violence served some purpose, and he tended to think his actions through much more than others did. He realized that wantonly murdering the native population was not a sound plan in the long run, so he did not practice it. Francisco Pizarro married Inà ©s Huaylas Yupanqui, the daughter of the Inca emperor Huayna Capa, and she had two children: Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui (1534–1598) and Gonzalo Pizarro Yupanqui (1535–1546). Pizarro, like Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s in Mexico, is honored sort of halfheartedly in Peru. There is a statue of him in Lima and some streets and businesses are named after him, but most Peruvians are ambivalent about him at best. They all know who he was and what he did, but most present-day Peruvians do not find him much worthy of admiration. Sources Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.Varon Gabai, Rafael. Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru. trans. Flores Espinosa, Javier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

The And Behavioral Outcomes After The Delivery Of Instruc...

In order to effectively measure the specific behavioral outcomes after delivery of instruc-tion is made via digital media devices, I will be using qualitative methods such as, observations and a focus group, to assess the gains being made, and the behavioral outcomes that occur direct-ly after technology has been used by the student. Since autism is a communication disorder it will be difficult to directly interview the participants. Therefore, I will ask a simple yes/no question such as, â€Å"did you like it† to the participants and record each individuals answer. It is difficult to determine what changes will need to be made until the study is underway. Data Collection The primary data collection method of this study is observations. I intend to reflect on my own beliefs daily, in order to remain as objective as possible. Data collection conducted through observations alone can produce filtered results based on the perspective of the observer. That is one of the issues that I anticipate to arise when conducting data collection. That is why recon-naissance will be a necessary task before and after collecting observational data. With a concrete definition of the term behavioral outcomes and daily reconnaissance, I believe this will provide me with an adequate checks and balances and data management system for my research. Accord-ing to Gay, Mills, Airasian, â€Å"By observing the classes, you will obtain much more objective information that can be compared to the self-reports of

Discuss Chen v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection 2013

Question: Examine and discuss the reasons why Katzmann, Griffiths and Wigney JJ decided as they did and the implications of this case in terms of valid visa applications. Did their Honours employ any principles of statutory interpretation ? Answer: The issue that the code was required to decide in this case was if a valid visa application has been made.According to the Regulation 2.10 of the Migration Regulations, it is required that a particular visa application has to be made "at the office of immigration in Australia". In this case, the visa application made by the applicant reads the GPO box by express post before the relevant deadline expired. However the department did not collect the visa application until the deadline for the same has been expired. Therefore, the court was required to decide if the GPO box of the department can be considered as the "office of immigration" or if it can be considered as a part of the office of immigration.At the same time, if GPO box cannot be considered as the office of immigration, it was required to be decided if the applicant has substantially complied with the requirement. In this way, the applicant had deposited the visa application at the GPO Box that has been specified by the Department of Minister for Immigration and Border Protection while migration regulationrequired that the visa application has to be made at the office of Immigration in Australia. In this regard, the reasons given by the Court were that the GPO box was leased by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection for receiving the visa applications and therefore it can be considered as a "place for transactions of business" or in the alternative, the GPO Box can be considered as "a place for business" for the department or a place where the business of the department is carried on.The department has leased the GPO Box for receiving written applications for the grant of visa. Arrangements have been put in place by the Department that the visa applications and shall be collected from the GPO Box and the same will be delivered that the Processing Center of the Department where the officers of the Department process all the visa applications. Although it has been mentioned on the website of the Department that the relevant visa applications can be made by other methods like facsimile, courier or these applications can also be made online, it needs to be noted that the applications can be made by posting the same to the GPO box that has been nominated by the department in this regard. As a result, the Court accepted the submission of the applicant that even if GPO box cannot be considered as a stand-alone office of the Department for the purpose of regulation 2.10,it needs to be considered as a part of the office of the Department of Immigration. As a result, it was stated by the court that the GPO box can be considered as an 'Office of Immigration' and therefore, it can be said that the application that has been received in the GPO box needs to be considered as an application that has been made at the office of Immigration. On the other hand, the court did not accept the submission of the Minister that satisfactory evidence was not present that can establish that GPO box has a stable physical existence like any other "place". In this regard the court considered the evidence given by the ACDC manager regarding the Express Post Service of Australia Post and how it receives, sorts and delivers the items. In case of certain specified routes, next business day delivery has been guaranteed by Australia Post in case of all the Express Post envelops that have been lodged correctly on a business day. In this regard, the manager of ACDC also gave evidence that the GPO box number 2399 in Adelaide has been leased by the Department of immigration from Australia Post. All the items arriving at the ACDC were scanned on their arrival and then these items were transferred to the relevant area and sorted so that they can be sent to their destinations, including the post office boxes. It was also stated that once an item has been placed in the post office box, it is not any more under the control of Australia Post. At the same time, an employee of a company named Converga gave evidence that they had a contract with the Department of Immigration and collected mail from ACDC every day and delivered it to the department. This evidence was considered as sufficient to rebut the contention of the Minister of Immigration that no sufficient evidence is present which can establish that the GPO box of the department has a stable physical presence like a 'place'. As a result, the court stated that the GPO box can be considered as a place which can be leased and where mail can be delivered physically and at the same time it can be collected from this place. In the same way, the court also accepted the summation of the applicant that the specification of the GPO box by the Department in the relevant booklet and its letter amounts to evidence that supports their main contention that the GPO box is at least a part of the office of the Department for receiving the applications. As a result, this submission was accepted by the court. By applying the principles of golden rule of statutory interpretation, the court stated that the doctrine of substantial compliance was not applicable in the case.The question is that of construction if an act that has failed to comply with the condition regarding the exercise of statutory power is invalid and therefore of no effect. In this regard the court stated that the language of regulation y2.10 provides no scope for substantial compliance doctrine. These were the reasons due to which Katzman, Griffiths and Wigney JJ arrived at their conclusion.

Why Marijuana Should Be Legal an Example by

Why Marijuana Should Be Legal Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is hemp plant that is generally known by society as a harmful drug. Most of the parts of this plant, especially the leaves, stems and floral parts, may be dried, minced and smoked. Several street names have been used to pertain to this plant, including pot, weed and grass. The idea of marijuana use often connotes drug abuse because it contains constituents that are strong enough to alter the mind of the user (Hall 12). The active constituent of marijuana is known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and this chemical has caused a number of crimes and deaths among users (Hall 567). Hence since the 1970s, the use of marijuana has been prohibited and any individual found dealing or propagating the plant or its derivatives are put in jail for drug trafficking. This paper aims to discuss issues regarding marijuana and its positive contribution to human health and society. The information contained in this paper will provide a more holistic view of marijuana, stressi ng the point that this plant can be used in a medicinal way. Need essay sample on "Why Marijuana Should Be Legal" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Marijuana has been historically employed as an herbal remedy for health disorders such as nausea and pain. This plant has also been reported to increase an individuals appetite. More than a century ago, attempts were made regarding the extraction of essential oils and other components of this plant for drug use. However, such actions were terminated due to the reports on the risks of using this herb. In the last few decades, interest in marijuana was revived for medical use. Biomedical research on marijuana showed that the plants were helpful in alleviating individuals experiencing nausea. In addition, research has also showed that the herb eased individuals suffering from symptoms of vomiting and experiencing extreme pain. Marijuana has also been determined to stimulate appetite (Mattes 188). To date, there are several forms of synthetic extracts derived from marijuana. One of these is the drug dronabinol, which has been medically used as a treatment drug in North America and the United Kingdom. Another synthetic drug, Sativex, is another marijuana extract that is prescribed for patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Although the percentage of patients using Sativex have expressed relieve from the pain they experience from multiple sclerosis, it is also important to understand that a crucial point in the use of the drug depends on attaining the optimal dose that will convey the desired effect of relief from pain. Sativex is orally administered and the assimilation of the constituents of the drug must thus pass through the gastric lining and be circulated through the rest of the body before relief from pain is achieved (OConnell et al., 2007). By year 2000, there was a significant increase in the demand for marijuana in the medical field, wherein physicians prescribed its use to alleviate patients suffering from pain associated with cancer and other muscular disorders. The prescription and administration of marijuana for patients experiencing extreme conditions of pain and seizures was thus necessary because no other drug was observed to be as effective as marijuana. In these cases, the benefits of alleviating the condition of a patient far outweighed the psychomotor effects associated with smoking marijuana. It is thus imperative the marijuana use should be legalized because this plant can also provide significant benefit to the health of its user, as long as the user is educated of the proper use of this potent plant derivative. Physicians are thus advised to discuss the benefits and risks of marijuana in relation to the medical disorder of a patient, in order to prevent any misuse and abuse of marijuana. Retrospective medical research has previously shown that insufficient knowledge and understanding of marijuana and its potency, both among physicians and their corresponding patient, may result in more serious problems in terms of regulation of use of the plant (Kalant 518). Similar to drug users employing marijuana, the use of medicinal marijuana may also result in side effects such as dizziness and loss of motor control. Such side-effects are designated as far from serious hence medical research reports have generated a number of guidelines on the use of marijuana in the medical field. Firstly, the temporary administration of marijuana for the use of its active ingredient, cannabinoid, is generally safe to a patient. This guideline explains that the use of marijuana for a short term is very helpful, especially among cancer patients who tend to vomit and feel nauseated immediately after chemotherapy. In other cancer cases that involve surgery of a major part of the body, the patient suffers from extreme bouts of pain and only marijuana relieves the patient from the pain associated with such procedures. Earlier research on marijuana has shown that the long-term use of this plant may result in deleterious effects to the body of the user (OConnell 16). Alt hough caution has been suggested for chronic users of medicinal marijuana, it is still important that a detailed understanding of the uses and effects of marijuana is achieved by the user. Marijuana should thus be made legal because there are thousands of cases of cancer around the world and the pain and suffering of these patients should be given more attention and treatment. There may be cases wherein the cancer patients could not withstand any more pain that is associated with their condition that they decide to perform suicide for the simple reason of stopping the pain they are experiencing. Other cancer patients would even plead that they be put to sleep or in medical terms, euthanized, in order to escape their endless suffering in pain (Makumal 468). Given such conditions of patients who have been diagnosed and treated for serious medical disorders, it is thus helpful to administer marijuana to help these patients survive the pain that is associated with their medical condition. The oath of Hippocrates indicates that a physician should do no harm to the patient and in the case of the use of marijuana for medicinal use, the effect of marijuana helps a patient in his ordeal with his disease. The use of marijuana for pleasure and other recreational purposes will always be different from the medicinal use of marijuana hence marijuana for such purposes should still remain illegal. On the other hand, administration of marijuana for the relief and treatment of symptoms of patients positively diagnosed with cancer or other musculo-skeletal disorders are indeed accepted and legal. It should be understood that these two major diseases are not the only medical conditions that are associated with pain (Zuardi 421). The production of gall stones and kidney stones are also associated with extreme levels of pain and the patients suffering from such stones often reach the emergency room writhing in pain. The immediate treatment of pain symptoms in the emergency room includes a combination of anti-spasmodics, dilators and pain relievers. Most often the pain relieving drug administered is an analog of morphine and upon administration by intravenous injection, the pain experienced by the patient immediately subsides. It thus should be understood that morphine is also a plant extract that is employed by drug users and at the same time, legally accepted in the medical field. It is thus possible that the use of marijuana achieve the same level of use in the medical field one of these days. It is thus important to understand that marijuana, when used properly and with sufficient knowledge of its potency and side-effects, may be very helpful in the medical field. Given both the positive and negative effects of the use of marijuana, it thus shows that the benefits of marijuana far outweigh the negative effects of this plant. Should marijuana be legalized for medicinal purposes, a significant number of patients will benefit from such approval and may even lessen the chances of euthanasia. Works Cited Hall W, Degenhardt L and M Lynskey. The Health And Psychological Consequences Of Cannabis Use. Canberra (AU): Australian Publishing Service, 356 pages, 2001. Hall W and L Degenhardt. What Are The Policy Implications Of The Evidence On Cannabis And Psychosis? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2006):566-74 Kalant H. Smoked Marijuana As Medicine: Not Much Future. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy, 83(2008):517-9. Mattes RD, Engelman K, Shaw LM and MA Elsohly. Cannabinoids And Appetite Stimulation. Pharmacology and Biochemical Behaviors, 49(1994):187-95. Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, J Muller. Acute Ischemic Heart Disease: An Exploratory Prospective Study Of Marijuana Use And Mortality Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. American Heart Journal, 155(2008):465-70. OConnell TJ and CB Bou-Matar. Long Term Marijuana Users Seeking Medical Cannabis In California (20012007): Demographics, Social Characteristcis, Patterns Of Cannabis And Other Drug Use of 4117 Applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4(2007):16. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA and JE Hallak JE. Cannabidiol, A Cannabis sativa Constituent, As An Antipsychotic Drug. Brazil Journal of Medicine and Biological Research, 39(2006):421-429.