Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Knowledge management structures in NATO versus the United Nations Essay

Knowledge management structures in NATO versus the United Nations - Essay Example n and knowledge far better then it was previously possible, knowledge management in organizations has also the added dimension of interaction, knowledge sharing, communication and analysis. A lot of organizational knowledge is contained in the heads of personnel within the organizations. Because humans have a finite life – span and ambitions about better opportunities, all organizations have structures which not only create new knowledge but also transfer existing knowledge to those in need of it. The nature of the knowledge which is important to an organization is dependant on the task or mission which the organization is expected to perform and different organizations may have different requirements associated with the speed, reliability, volume of information or knowledge which has to be communicated for organizational use. The knowledge management structures which are put into place within organizations are shaped by the organizational requirements for knowledge management , which are different for various organizations. In this essay, an attempt has been made to compare the knowledge management structures within NATO with those which exist in the United Nations. NATO, which is a military alliance, has a requirement to manage large amounts of information which can quickly become obsolete and convert this information into knowledge for reliable and secure communications for the use of designated personnel. The pace at the United Nations is more leisurely. Hence, the knowledge management structures at these two organizations are slightly different. The term knowledge management refers to the management of intellectual capital which has bee described as: â€Å"Intellectual capital is intellectual material – knowledge, information, intellectual property, experience – that can be put to use to create wealth. It is the collective brainpower†. The term knowledge is subjective to the organizational and social context in which it is being thought of. Knowledge

Monday, October 28, 2019

Quest for Meaning in Hostile and Oppressive Worlds Essay Example for Free

Quest for Meaning in Hostile and Oppressive Worlds Essay Dystopian literature often presents the individual’s quest for meaning in hostile and oppressive worlds.’ To what extent do the writers present their protagonists as successful in this quest in ‘1984’ by George Orwell, ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’ by Oscar Wilde and ‘Woman at Point Zero’ by Nawal El Saadawi? The assertion that all three writers present their protagonist as having a quest for meaning in a dystopian world cannot be disputed. However, the extent to which these writers present their protagonist as successful in this quest varies greatly. Dystopian literature is merely an extension of the negative attributes of the society and context in which it is written. George Orwell’s dystopian world is a nightmarish conception of a Britain that has adopted the very worst traits of totalitarian regimes such as Nazi Germany and Socialist Russia; regimes which were at their height of power when the novel was written. Robert Evans defines dystopian literature as‘†¦a warning to the reader that something must and, by implication, can be done in the present to avoid the future,’ This didactic reading of ‘1984’ suggests that Orwell’s dystopian novel is a warning to the British public against excessive government intervention in their everyday lives. Dystopian literature thus warns the reader of the potential future of their society if they fail to protect their current freedom. El Saadawi’s ‘Woman at point Zero’ and Wilde’s ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’ are slightly different from ‘1984’ in this respect as their dystopian worlds are based on real-life experiences. However, they remain didactic in nature by condemning existing oppression. El Saadawi’s semi-fictionalised account of a woman on death row is an artistic interpretation of reality for women in modern-day Egypt. The world remains dystopian in nature due to the oppression of women by men. Likewise, Wilde’s poetic portrayal of Reading Gaol is based on his personal experiences of imprisonment in this dystopian environment. The oppressive nature of the gaol is depicted by the dual-protagonist of the persona and the condemned guardsman. The extent to which the protagonists are successful in their quest for meaning is dependent on their ability to maintain freedom of thought and resist the oppressive nature such dystopian societies. All three writers present religion as an integral part of their protagonist’s quest for meaning in dystopian worlds. Wilde’s structure suggests that the persona undergoes a religious conversion as the ballad progresses and so successfully finds meaning through religion. However, Wilde also highlights the hypocrisy of the Church of England through the actions of the chaplain. Wilde’s persona therefore finds meaning through the underlying teachings of Christianity through Catholicism. Similarly, El Saadawi presents her protagonist Firdaus as a witness to the religious hypocrisy of men in her Islamic society. Unlike Wilde’s persona however, El Saadawi’s protagonist is not able to look past this hypocrisy and find meaning in the underlying messages of the Islamic faith. Like El Saadawi, Orwell presents his protagonist Winston as unsuccessful in his quest to find meaning through the pseudo-religion of Big Brother. However, Orwell’s protagonist does successfully find meaning through his memories of Christianity before the revolution. In the first half of the ballad, Wilde refers to himself and the other prisoners as ‘The Devil’s Own Brigade’; he believes that they are all condemned to hell simply for being criminals. Wilde uses hellish imagery to suggest that the prison itself is hell on earth. ‘I walked, with other souls in pain,/ Within another ring,’ These two lines are a reference to the hell presented in Dante’s Inferno, a hell with nine separate rings located at the centre of the earth, each ring a punishment for worsening sins. Similarly, Wilde locates his hell on earth through the prison itself. However, Wilde later rejects Dante’s gradation of sins by completely identifying himself with the guardsman. ‘A prison wall was round us both, / Two outcast men we were:’ The prison wall has become the single ring of hell which a ll sinners will go to. Dante’s influence on Wilde is also clear from the structure of the ballad as in both poems, ‘there is a dramatic movement toward intensity of horror’. Dante’s inferno builds up to the horror of the inner most circle of hell where the devil is to be found whilst Wilde’s ballad climaxes in the guardsman’s execution. It is clear however, that towards the end of the ballad, the persona has experienced a religious conversion to Catholicism. He now believes that through repentance, God will forgive the guardsman for his sins. Wilde utilises the colours red and white to symbolise sin and forgiveness respectively, ‘Out of his mouth a red, red rose! Out of his heart a white!’ These two lines present the persona’s belief that if the guardsman has confessed his sins to God before death, then he will be forgiven. Wilde’s use of plant imagery suggests that through forgiveness, there can now be new life in heaven. The persona’s conversion is clearly inspired by Wilde’s own time spent in Reading Gaol, where he was imprisoned after being found guilty of having a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred Douglas. Wilde converted to Catholicism after leaving prison and unsuccessfully attempted to join a monastic order. Andrew McCracken suggests that converting to Catholicism continued Wilde’s life of eccentricity because, ‘Roman Catholicism was to poetic souls a sort of aesthetic temptation, while to many proper Englishmen the Roman Church was still the whore of Babylon, the Anti-Christ.’ However, McCracken also suggests that this was not Wilde’s main motivation in converting to Catholicism because ‘†¦his time in prison brought Wilde †¦ face to face with the Catholic themes of sin and suffering. Now they were purged of any tinge of romanticism – they were facts of daily life.’ This idea that Wilde is attracted more by the themes of the Catholic faith than by the hierarchical structure of either the Catholic Church or the Church of England, is supported in the ballad by the way in which Wilde highlights the religious hypocrisy of the prison chaplain through the persona’s first person narration. Indeed, it may be the experience of an Anglican chaplain in Reading Gaol that led him towards Catholicism. ‘The Chaplain would not kneel to pray By his dishonoured grave: Nor mark it with that blessed Cross That Christ for sinners gave,’ Wilde’s scriptural imagery of the ‘blessed Cross’ highlights how the chaplain fails to practice the fundamental beliefs of the Christian tradition. The chaplain refuses to pray for the executed guardsman even though Jesus died specifically for sinners, so that they might repent and have eternal life. Thus in this sestet Wilde condemns the chaplain’s hypocrisy. The protagonist of the ballad successfully finds meaning in his dystopian world through the underlying themes of the Catholic faith but does not find meaning in the religious authority of the Church of England, personified by the prison chaplain. Similarly, El Saadawi’s protagonist Firdaus recognises the hypocrisy of those who practice the Islamic faith in her society but is unsuccessful in her quest to find meaning through religion because of this hypocrisy. Firdaus recognises religious hypocrisy among men of all social groups in Egyptian society. She first sees it as a child in the actions of her peasant father who knew ‘how to beat his wife and make her bite the dust each night.’ in spite of his discussions with other men that ‘†¦defaming the honour of a woman was a sin †¦ and beating another human being was a sin’ It is clear therefore that her father breaks the commandments of the ‘imam’ and beats his wife even though he knows it is a sinful action. Likewise, her uncle, a middle-class man, also beats his wife. The religious hypocrisy in Egyptian society is so deeply engrained, that even her uncle’s wife accepts being beaten and does not see it as conflicting with the Islamic faith, ‘She replied that it was precisely men well versed in their religion who beat their wives. The precepts of religion permitted such punishment.’ The use of the word ‘punishment’ suggests that women in this society feel that it is justified that they are beaten and that domestic violence cannot be criticised as simply abuse and random cruelty. Finally, Firdaus recognises religious hypocrisy amongst the male leaders of Egyptian society who use Islam as a way of persuading their people that they are respectable and morally sound. Looking at a newspaper picture of such a ruler at Friday morning prayers Firdaus states that, ‘I could see he was trying to deceive Allah in the same way as he deceived the people.’ Firdaus’ rejection of religion mirrors Saadawi’s own views of religion and holy books; that they have little to do with morality. ‘The Old Testament, the New Testament or the Qur’an, are, for her, political books. They speak about war, invasion of other people’s countries, of inheritance, of money, this, as a focus, for Nawal, has little to do with justice, morality, or spirituality.’ A didactic reading of the novel may be that El Saadawi exposes her criticisms of religion and the double standards of men when it comes to the Islamic faith. It is this deeply engrained religious hypocrisy practiced throughout her dystopian world that contributes to the futile nature of Firdaus’ search to find meaning in the Islamic religion of her society. Likewise, Orwell’s protagonist Winston is unsuccessful in finding meaning through the pseudo-religion of Big Brother. The idea of Big Brother being a pseudo-religion is supported by Karl Marx’s view that religion is ‘the opium of the people’ . This sociological reading suggests that, like a drug, the comforting figure of Big Brother oppresses the people by distracting them from their dismal reality. What’s more, the omniscient third-person narration used by Orwell throughout reflects the God-like status of Big Brother as an all-knowing and all-powerful force. Orwell’s protagonist does not find meaning in this pseudo-religion however because Winston views Big Brother as the personification of an oppressive regime, rather than as a comforter. This is demonstrated in the 2-minutes hate because ‘Winston’s hatred was not turned against Goldstein at all, but †¦ against Big Brother, the Party and the Thought Police;’ Having said this, Orwell presents his protagonist as successful in finding meaning through his memories of religion before the Ingsoc revolution. Mr Charrington’s rhyme about old London churches fascinates Orwell’s protagonist because ‘†¦when you said it to yourself you had the illusion of actually hearing bells, the bells of a lost London that still existed somewhere or other, disguised and forgotten.’ One reading of Orwell’s protagonist’s obsession is that the rhyme brings back vague memories of church bells, and thus of Christianity and a more loving and empathetic set of beliefs than that of Big Brother. Another way in which the writers present their protagonists as successful in their quest for meaning in dystopian worlds is through the freedom that comes with death. Death is a form of freedom in a dystopian world because the protagonist is released from the oppression of their environment, society or political regime. The guardsman in Oscar Wilde’s ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol’ successfully finds meaning and freedom in death. ‘His soul was resolute, and held No hiding-place for fear; He often said that he was glad The hangman’s hands were near.’ The guardsman has accepted death and does not fear it. The protagonist is glad that death is coming because it means an escape from the monotony of day-to-day prison life and from the relentless surveillance of the warders. Wilde’s use of the word ‘resolute’ to describe the guardsman’s soul suggests that the guardsman has repented his sins and therefore his soul will be saved when he dies. Wilde thus juxtaposes the dystopian and hell-like world that the murderer is leaving with the utopia of heaven where the man will go to once he has died. This eschatological reading gives added gravitas to the ultimate freedom that the guardsman will experience in death. In his letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, De Profundis, Wilde describes how on earth he has ‘found †¦ not merely the beauty of Heaven, but the horror of Hell, also’ , supporting the idea that the condemned man, through death, is escaping a hell-like existence in prison. Similarly, El Saadawi’s protagonist Firdaus also successfully finds meaning through the freedom of death. Like the guardsman, Firdaus is sentenced to death for the crime of murder. However, she is not repentant for this crime but is proud of her actions. The act of killing her pimp, Marzouk, is her final victory over the oppression she has felt her entire life by different men in her society. She realises that she has always been afraid of her oppressor and that, ‘The movement of my hand upwards and then downwards destroyed my fear.’ Thus Firdaus is proud of her punishment as an outward sign of her inner victory over her dystopian world. She embraces death like a martyr for the cause of enslaved and oppressed women. ‘This journey to an unknown destination, to a place unknown to all those who live on this earth, be they king or prince, or ruler, fills me with pride.’ Like Wilde’s condemned man, El Saadawi presents the idea that through death her protagonist will enter a utopian world or ‘an unknown destination’ where she is no longer oppressed by the society of the dystopian world she lived in. In contrast to these two protagonists, Orwell presents his protagonist Winston as unsuccessful in finding freedom through death. As a result of the brainwashing process he undergoes in the Ministry of Love, Winston truly loves Big Brother and the Party. Unlike Firdaus, Winston does not die as a martyr for his cause. Instead, he is completely converted before he is killed. His betrayal of Julia is a dismissal of his greatest rebellion against the Party: loving another person. He knowingly puts himself before Julia and wishes that she should endure his torture in his place because ‘†¦he had suddenly understood that in the whole world there was just one person to whom he could transfer his punishment – one body that he could thrust between himself and the rats.’ This psychological shift means that when Winston is killed by the Party, he truly loves Big Brother, the personification of a political regime ‘not interested in the good of others †¦ interested solely in power.’ Through the nature of his death, Orwell shows that Winston has lost this moral struggle and that the party have succeeded in oppressing him mentally, as well as physically. Typical of Orwell’s literary style, Winston paradoxically believes ‘He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.’ Winston does not, therefore, die free. In truth, Winston’s reintegration into the Ingsoc regime and ‘the annihilation of Winston’s difference is the restoration of the pure positivity of Big Brother.’ This Marxist reading stresses how the power of a totalitarian state rests on the destruction of any individuals who might rise up against it. The structure of ‘1984’ finishes with Winston’s proclama tion of love for Big Brother and thus highlights the cruel infallibility of the Ingsoc regime. All three writers present love and relationships with others as crucial to their protagonist’s search for meaning. In Wilde’s ballad, the sense of comradeship amongst prisoners that Wilde conveys, suggests that the persona of the ballad finds meaning in the shared nature of the prisoners’ dystopia. ‘We tore the tarry ropes to shreads With blunt and bleeding nails; We rubbed the doors, and scrubbed the floors, And cleaned the shining rails.’ The repetition of the pronoun ‘we’ emphasises the collective nature of the hard labour the men carry out, and how the persona of the ballad feels part of a team of men, going through the same painful and monotonous tasks together. The regular six-line stanza used throughout the ballad with alternate lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter reflects the relentless monotony of the painful physical labour of prison life. This relentless monotony is reinforced by the regular ABCBDB rhyming scheme throughout. The idea of comradeship through collective monotony is built upon further when the persona empathises completely with the condemned man and enters his ring of hell, showing that they are both sinners, ‘A prison wall was round us both,/ Two outcast men we were:’ Later in the ballad, the night before the guardsman’s execution, all the prisoners pray for the condemned man’s soul as the warders, ‘†¦wondered why men knelt to pray/ W ho never prayed before.’ This action shows a sense of solidarity between the men as well as a Christian conscience; they truly believe that the condemned man is capable of salvation. As Carol Rumens comments, ‘the central charge of the Ballad is sympathy, sympathy with the condemned man and his fellow inmates.’ , it is this sympathy that allows Wilde to ‘evoke collective feelings.’ This emotive reading suggests that as well as giving the persona’s life meaning, feelings of comradeship and sympathy for fellow prisoners were a significant catalyst for Wilde’s consequent zeal for penal reform. The ballad itself was published to highlight the injustice of the British penal system and conveys this didactic message throughout. Similarly, Orwell’s protagonist Winston successfully finds meaning through his relationships with others. Winston’s loving and sexual relationship with Julia is the complete antithesis of what the Party stands for because amongst women, ‘Chastity was as deeply ingrained in them as Party loyalty.’ The Party’s enforcement of chastity from a young age has a military function as ‘†¦sexual privation induced hysteria, which was desirable because it could be transformed into war-fever and leader-worship.’ Winston’s relationship with Julia starts simply because Winston wishes to rebel against the oppressive regime, he describes their first sexual encounter as ‘ a battle, the climax a victory. It was a blow struck against the Party. It was a political act.’ However, Winston soon falls in love with Julia and finds a deeper meaning for living in his dystopian world. The fact that ‘She gave the tips of his fingers a quick squeeze that seemed to invite not desire but affection.’ suggests that their relationship has become more than just sexual desire for one another. The isolation of the individual within the Ingsoc regime removes the opportunity or inclination for such loving relationships. This isolation is shown through Winston’s account of ‘Katherine’s white body, frozen for ever by the hypnotic power of the Party.’ The use of the word ‘frozen’ suggests that the Party members are emotionally deadened by the chastity conventions they conform to under Ingsoc. Winston rebels from this emotional death when he successfully falls in love with Julia. Looking at Orwell’s wartime diaries, it is clear he feared that the atrocities which civilians witnessed during the Blitz, and the newspapers’ reports of RAF attacks on Germany, would cause the British public to loose the ability to feel emotion. In July 1942, Orwell wrote, ‘I remember saying to someone during the blitz, when the R.A.F. were hitting back as best they could, In a years time youll see the headlines in the Daily Express: Successful Raid on Berlin Orphanage. Babies Set on Fire. It hasnt come to that yet, but that is the direction we are going in. This historical reading of the dystopian novel suggests that Orwell has extended his contemporary fear to create a society of emotionless party members. Orwell’s protagonist notices how society has lost the ability to feel emotion because of his memories of relationships before the Ingsoc revolution. Orwell thus presents the past as a time when people had the freedom to feel emotion for one another and his protagonist Winston as successful in finding meaning through his memories of love before Ingsoc. Orwell suggests that the Ingsoc regime has removed the ability of individuals to feel unconditional love as the concept of ‘tragedy’, ‘belonged to the ancient time †¦ when the members of a family stood by one another without needing to know the reason.’ This is supported by the fact that Winston perceives the death of his own mother many years previously as, ‘†¦tragic and sorrowful in a way that was no longer possible.’ The emotional death and inability of party members to love unconditionally is brought about by the enforcement of chastity and isolation of the individual, both of which break down the family unit in Oceania. In contrast, El Saadawi’s protagonist Firdaus is unsuccessful in finding meaning through her relationships. Her confused and disjointed memories of her parents suggest that they were not a loving and supportive influence. When describing her childhood in a first person narrative, Firdaus questions, ‘Who was I? Who was my father?’. Her uncle is ultimately a poor guardian as he allows her to marry a much older man and refuses to send her to university because he does not believe that she should learn alongside men. ‘A respected Sheikh and man of religion like myself sending his niece off to mix in the company of men?!’ Firdaus’ life continues in a pattern where every man she becomes close to mistreats her and so she is unsuccessful in finding meaning through love. The repetitive nature of Firdaus’ misfortune in the novel reflects the Arabic oral tradition. Her hatred of men stems from her financial dependence upon them, which enslaves her. Before killing Marzouk she describes how she ‘hated him as only a woman can hate a man, as only a slave can hate his master.’ This hatred of men reaches a climax when she tears up the money given to her by the Arab prince as a rejection of this dependence. ‘It was as though I was destroying all the money I had ever held †¦ and at the same time destroying all the men I had ever known †¦ my uncle, my husband, my father, Marzouk and Bayoumi, Di’aa, Ibrahim,’ This rejection supports the idea that El Saadawi ‘†¦sheds new light on the power of women in resistance – against poverty, racism, fundamentalism, and inequality of all kinds.’ This feminist reading suggests that El Saadawi’s rejection of male financial support advocates the strength and equality of women. To conclude, Orwell and El Saadawi appear to have created protagonists that are completely juxtaposed in their success at finding meaning in dystopian worlds. Winston successfully finds meaning throughout his life and is able to resist the oppression of the Ingsoc regime psychologically through his loving relationship with Julia and memories of relationships and religion before the revolution. However, he is unable to maintain freedom of thought in death and ends his life devoted to Big Brother. Contrastingly, El Saadawi’s protagonist Firdaus fails to find any positive meaning in life due to the treatment she endures from men and the religious hypocrisy practiced by many in her society. El Saadawi does, however, present Firdaus as finding meaning in her death; the punishment is an acknowledgement of her triumph over male domination. Wilde’s dual-protagonist is the most successful at finding meaning in a dystopian world, as the persona of the ballad successfully finds meaning in life through comradeship and Catholic values, whilst the condemned guardsman successfully finds meaning through his acceptance of death and belief in a utopian world in heaven.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

A Doll House Essay Ibsen said that his mission in life was to â€Å"Inspire individuals to freedom and independence† which was shown throughout the play A Doll House. Since he wrote modern theatre, the characters were real and audiences could relate to them. He particularly questioned the role of men and women during his time. Ibsen used A Doll House to motivate women so they would seek more power and freedom in their relationships. Audiences could then look up to characters such as Nora and Mrs Linde whom were independent, some what ahead of their times. Ibsen’s purpose was to not only to enlighten women of their unfair status but also to make the men understand women are much smarter than what they think. His goal was to change these attitudes of all humans so equality could be reached. By 1878-79, when A Doll House was written, women’s rights had become a burning issue. People such as John Stuart Mill who wrote The Subjection of Women (1869) were one of the first to raise these issues and could be seen as an early feminist. They raised question as to whether the female role was fair. Before then, women were very submissive and had little opportunities. They were unable to have a job and were expected to do household duties and take care of the children. Men were the dominant ones but the women knew no different. For the few who could see this inequality, they were seen as ‘unfeminine’ as they were thinking for themselves, which is something only a man would do. Ibsen would be on their sides and tried to express that it was all right, through his characters. Nora plays upon her innocence and helplessness at the beginning to achieve things, being the typical stereotype of women in this time. â€Å"Oh, please,... ... stand up for themselves. They were unlike the stereotype in which women were made into and took responsibility for their actions. The play would make people think and discuss these roles of men and women and even question the values of society. Ibsen hoped he would make women realise they deserve a choice as to whether they want to marry and to be equal with men. Bibliography Mills, John Stuart 1860, The Subjection of Women, Prometheus Books, New York â€Å"Ibsen- woman’s rights† 2005 http://www.unesco.org/webworld/mdm/2001/fr/ibsen/form.html, 24/04/05 â€Å"A Doll House- Ibsen† 2005 http://www.novelguide.com/ADoll'sHouse/themeanalysis.html 24/04/05 â€Å"Woman’s right and roles† 2005 http://www.unesco.no/kommunikasjon/hukommelse/ibsen.html. 24/04/05 â€Å"Woman’s Liberation, Ibsen† 2005 http://www.international-relations.com/cm3-2/Feminismweb. html 24/04/05

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Red Bull Essay

What markets does Red Bull attempt to reach? How do marketing mix elements and target markets combine to form the firm’s marketing strategy? The marketing mix for Red Bull consists of the following: Product: Energy drink Price: $1. 99 (premium) Distribution: Across clubs and similar outlets, mass merchandisers Marketing Communication: Word-of-mouth to television advertising Red Bull attempts to reach extremists, sports enthusiasts, 18 to 24 year olds, women, as well as health conscious consumers, and recently age groups of 30 and above. Marketing mix elements and target markets combine to form Red Bull’s initial marketing strategy which reaches out to extremists, those who are into the adrenaline rushing sports and activities. Since Red Bull is an energy drink, this approach worked well. With the premium price and through word-of-mouth, Red Bull was able to maintain 70 percent of the market. However, as competition began to rise, Red Bull needed to market beyond the extreme market and toward age groups above 24 year olds. Still, competition continues to increase, and now Red Bull is expanding their target market to less extreme sports enthusiasts such as golfers, women, and health conscious consumers. By marketing toward golfers and women, Red Bull shows that anyone can enjoy their product and not just male extremists. Because consumers are becoming more health conscious, Red Bull produced their sugar-free version for those who want to watch their carbohydrates. Overall, as competition continues to increase, Red Bull’s marketing strategy has involved target market expansion as well as some product development and new advertising techniques. . What growth strategies seem to offer the most likely opportunities for the future? The growth strategies that seem to offer the most likely opportunities for Red Bull’s future are their expansion into less extreme sports and the female population. Because Red Bull is an energy drink, most consumers think that its primary purpose is to boost the ener gy of those who are hammering it out on the field, court, or wherever the action may be. However, Red Bull can be used as a simple pick me up when you’re feeling tired or just worn out. This can occur mostly in the work environment. By carrying a can of Red Bull, you can boost your energy level when it seems you’re not going to make it through the shift. Similarly, Red Bull’s initial target was not towards women. Currently, Red Bull is working on expanding their product to women who, just like men, can enjoy the boost Red Bull gives you. With the expansion of their target market, along with new advertising techniques, Red Bull can better promote their product and keep up with the competition instead of falling behind as they have been. 3. What ethical issues are faced by the company? The two predominant ethical issues that are faced by Red Bull are their choice for a target market and the uses for their drink. The specific target market in question is the 18 to 24 year olds. Red Bull has marketed to this particular group because it is comprised largely of college students. Red Bull can be used to give these college students an energy boost when they need to spend all night studying or just to have fun. The problem, however, is that the energy drink is full of caffeine and other ingredients which may prove harmful to those who consume too much at one time. Marketers of Red Bull realize that college students have a need for the extra boost of energy so they have pinpointed them for consumption of their energy drink. Critics believe large amounts of consumption may have harmful effects and this has raised many issues concerning the drink. The other issue is the use of Red Bull in alcoholic drinks. Concerns have risen regarding the mixture of alcohol and Red Bull because of the dangers associated with it. Alcohol by itself already causes numerous problems. If the energy drink full of caffeine is added to alcohol, the harm could become great. This in itself worries critics of Red Bull. Not only does the drink by itself cause concerns, but mixing alcohol with it raises even more issues. 4. As Red Bull expands to other countries, what international marketing issues must be considered? With their international expansion, Red Bull’s marketers must take into account the selection of an entry strategy and deciding on a strategic orientation. Red Bull must choose between three options for an entry strategy: exporting, direct investment, or joint ventures. For strategic orientation, Red Bull has the choice of a standardized marketing strategy or a customized marketing strategy. By choosing a standardized marketing strategy, Red Bull would develop and implement the same product, price, distribution, and promotion in all international markets. On the other hand, with a customized strategy, Red Bull would develop and implement a different targeting mix for each target market country. Like with any expansion situation, Red Bull needs to study the markets within the international countries. Just because their marketing techniques work in the United States, doesn’t mean they’ll work the same internationally. Every country is different. Every market segment is different. For instance, demand and product usage differs from market segment to market segment. Red Bull must also take into account government regulations and laws as they differ from country to country. Not only that, but Red Bull has to realize differences in consumer behavior patterns as well as competition. As Red Bull plans to expand international, there are many aspects they must take into account before doing so. If Red Bull wants to be successful, they must spend a tremendous amount of time researching all the international markets in order to become more aware of each segments needs and desires.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

External Factor Are Affecting the Ecosystems Essay

The word ecosystem refers to the combined physical and biological components of an environment; these organisms form complex sets of relationships and function as a unit as they interact with their physical environment. Ecosystems are constantly changing naturally, and they’ve got a specific and stable climax, equilibrium. Living as well as non-living factors may have an impact in an ecosystem such as the impact of humans in ecosystems by hunting, fishing, agriculture etc. r climate change may affect an ecosystem and dare it to adapt to the conditions. Will human’s activity affect the equilibrium of the arctic wolves ecosystem? Equilibrium refers to balance, so†¦ will human’s activities affect the balance of the physical and biological components of the tundra? Human activities, which affect the arctic wolf’s ecosystem, the tundra, are pollution, chemical contamination and overdevelopment. All of them are harmful to the ecosystem. Pollution affects in directly the tundra, habitat of the Arctic wolf. Pollution leads to Global Warming and this affect the global temperature, as a result ice melts and the tundra is affected because its an ecosystem nearly made up on ice, so eventually the ecosystem would be endangered and also the species that are contained in the ecosystem. Lately, thousands of â€Å"green† organizations have been generated to promote the green habits and to try to reduce pollution worldwide, reducing also the vulnerability of the tundra biome. Their projects consist in reducing wastes of any kind of energy source and saving any resource we get. This will involve social aspects also in the way that our society must take part and have an impact into world pollution, which will finally affect the tundra ecosystem; it has lately become popular to be ecofriendly. This ecologic movement has also affected the fashion industry which lately looks for looks with more pure materials, not much synthetic ones, also they’ve preferred clothing with pure cotton, even not only the materials of clothing are involved but the message in the clothing’s have taken a very special impact in the society. Hunting, affects directly and indirectly to the ecosystem of the Arctic wolf, it affects the interaction of living organisms by hunting the animals. The overhunting of species such as the musk ox and caribou in Alaska and North America were even near of extinction. This would create unsustainability on the ecosystem because there would not be equilibrium in the food chain and all the animals that have any relationship with the specie would me affected by don’t having a predator or a prey. Hunting in the tundra has had a very negative effect because important species suck as the musk ox have nearly got to extinction. By 1950, herds in North America were reduced by ninety percent, so this made the American population realize what was really going on in their country. They were loosing biodiversity and so laws were created to protect animals. This had an economic impact, because musk ox’s (prey of the arctic wolf) leather was part of the market so it has also a social impact, not only from for hunters but for the fashion industry which had a relation with musk ox’s fur and leather. Chemical contamination also affects the Arctic Wolf’s ecosystem. Lately, Petroleum and Coal or Natural Gas, Iron, Lead or Zinc mines and mineral exploration and exploitation and extraction are increasing worldwide especially in the Arctic. The development affects the Caribou, which are one of the main species present in the Arctic wolf habitat. Overdevelopment indicates to the building of roads and buildings in the tundra, this lead to more circulation. Fragile tundra areas of plants are taken out for the creation of these roads. Without plants to give nutrients to the soil, earth will stop being rich and will abolish the community of flora in the tundra. After discussing all the direct and indirect human impact in the environment, hunting, chemical contamination and overdevelopment are certainly harmful for the ecosystem. These activities attempt to the balance of the ecosystem by attempting against the living organisms that live in the tundra, ecosystem of the arctic wolf and by attempting against the non-living factors in the ecosystem such as climate. Even tough there are solutions for these activities to reduce or to stop, they are not completely efficient. In my opinion after all my investigation, apart from the pollution affecting indirectly to the tundra, the other activities are not a major concern for the arctic wolf’s ecosystem. As seen, human activities impact in the arctic wolf’s ecosystem is not positive (although they don’t damage much the tundra) toward the ecosystem. My final conclusion will be that external factors are definitely against the equilibrium of the arctic wolf’s ecosystem.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

7 Must-Have Items for Your Author Media Kit

7 Must-Have Items for Your Author Media Kit Youre finally done with your book. But youre exhausted. And vulnerable to making mistakes. Before you plunge ahead with marketing, dont miss a critical tool whose absence could push your book into the remainder bin. You must create a complete, well-written author media kit. This package of marketing materials brands you and your print or digital book. If built correctly, the media kit includes items that will help journalists, bloggers, reviewers, retailers, individual buyers, event planners and others promote, sell and buzz about your book. Here are seven things indie authors shouldnt do without in an author media kit: 1. Cheat Sheet for Book Reviewers Three out of four authors who ask me to review their books fail to send the bare minimum a press release. If I dont find one, I put the book on my bookshelf. A year later, when Im de-junking, your book ends up in a cardboard box I donate to the church rummage sale. Tuck a short note in your book with a link that leads me to your digital media kit. Help me find your press release, great photos and a cheat sheet that tie into your title, and Im interested. 2. Sell Sheet for Retailers Bookstore buyers dont want the same information youd give to a reviewer. They want whats referred to as a sell sheet. A sell sheet includes a short summary of your book. Additional information about your marketing plan will help buyers compare your book to similar books on their shelves, and shows them how hard you work to help them sell your book. This should be full-color, and professionally designed, printed on 100 lb. Text-Gloss paper. 3. How to Order Form for Readers Youll need a marketing piece that explains about the book, and includes several killer endorsements and a How to Order form. The order form must address issues such as bulk orders, sales tax, C.O.D. payments, shipping and how to pay with a credit card. Its similar to the sell sheet for bookstores, but its for individual book buyers, not sellers. 4. Press Release with a High-Res Cover Image Consumer and industry magazines love featuring books. The New Product Section of these publications could be the perfect home for your book if you can provide a high-resolution photo of your book cover. Editors tell me they are practically begging for good-quality photos for these sections. 5. Interview Topics or Questions If you write and deliver a pitch that gets you booked on a talk show, dont show up at the station without a list of questions the interviewer can ask you. Most talk show hosts will not read your book. Broadcasters rely on these questions as a crutch. 6. Author

Monday, October 21, 2019

The eNotes Blog Top 10 Gifts for Readers andWriters

Top 10 Gifts for Readers andWriters Christmas is a wonderful time for lovers of literature.   You can finally get someone to read a book you love, request one (or more) from friends and family, or even give or receive a book-themed item.   Here are ten suggestions sure to make bibliophiles smile. 1.   Banned Books Bracelet. A beautiful way to show off your love of literature and provoke interesting conversations, this bracelet from The Literary Gift Company is stylish and smart. Consider pairing it with a couple of the books depicted for a memorable gift. Books featured on the bracelet include To Kill a Mockingbird, The Color Purple, Howl, and Alices Adventures  in Wonderland, among others. 2. Holidays on Ice by David Sedaris. Released in 1997, this hysterical collection of essays by now-famous author David Sedaris will delight even the Grinchiest Grinch on your list. Darkly humorous yet full of relatable insights into the human condition, Sedaris captures both the love and the maddening spirit of the holiday season. 3.   The Book Lovers Cookbook. If you have both a foodie and a book lover on your list, this is a fun and tasty gift. The authors, who are both chefs and book lovers, have included selections from a variety of novels, everything from Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest to Fannie Flaggs Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. How about whipping up a delicious treat for your next book club meeting? 4.   Barnes and Noble Membership. At Barnes and Noble, you can get great savings all yearif you purchase a $25 membership. Consider paying for these great benefits for a friend or family member and give them the gift of savings for a full year! 5.   Peeramid Book Rest. Prop up your book comfortably wherever you are with this unique book rest.   Use the tassel to mark your place. Available in a variety of colors: burgundy, navy blue, and sage green, among others. 6.   Famous Faces Journals. If there is a writer and pop culture buff to shop for, you can’t go wrong with one of these whimsical journals. Choose from Audrey Hepburn, Dr. Spock, and Michael Jackson, among others. 7.   Go Away, Im Writing Mug. Perfect for the published, aspiring, or humanities student on your list. Also available in Go Away, Im Reading. No need to say anything, just point and grunt. Bah humbug. 8.   This American Life USB. Some of the best and most innovative writers in America are contributors to National Public Radios award-winning series  This American Life: Michael Chabon, David Rakoff, and Junot Diaz, just to name a few. Enjoy these fabulous stories and rich voices as you luxuriate in 35 hours of programs. 9.   So Many Books, So Little Time Night Shirt. Give your favorite gal a gift shell love to put on and then go curl up with a good book 10.   Penguin Books Montage Tie. In 1935, Penguin Books revolutionized the publishing industry by distributing classics in affordable, paperback editions. Celebrate their lasting legacy with this attractive montage of some of Penguins most memorable titles.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Interview Wardrobe Mistakes That Will Cost You the Job

Interview Wardrobe Mistakes That Will Cost You the Job I remember one nerve-wracking moment in a recent interview I went on. I was wearing a perfectly appropriate dress, with a tidy tailored but still feminine vibe. But I accidentally took off my sweater with my raincoat, and realized as I reached for my folder of resumes that I was now wearing short sleeves, which wouldn’t have been a big deal†¦ except for the tattoo I’d recently gotten on the inside of my bicep. Fortunately, it was for a college-level teaching job where they valued my professional abilities and enthusiasm as much as my presentation; in a more conservative venue, it might have been a deal breaker. Now, it’s also true that I probably wouldn’t want to work anywhere that wouldn’t hire me because of my artwork or my jewelry, but that’s easier said than accepted when you need a job to live and, you know, eat.That being said, here are 5 interview wardrobe mistakes that will cost you the job:1.You forget to cover up any tattoos or body artA wardrobe misstep shows a lack of judgment to a prospective employer. You want to show your personality, but in measured, deliberate ways. Even though I’m not embarrassed about my tattoos (they’re colorful and fun, like me!), I went into the interview expecting to not to reveal them, and I was flustered when I accidentally uncovered them. Know your outfit well enough that it can’t surprise you!2. Your  interview wardrobe  isn’t industry appropriateWhile covering my tattoos up wasn’t a mandatory gesture in the kind of teaching job I was interviewing for, in another job it might have been. On the other hand, the tailored dress I wore might have been too stuffy or formal for a more creative and casual environment.On another recent job interview, I was over-dressed and it rebounded on me in more ways than one- the office was a zillion degrees and there was only so far I could push my sleeves up! Prepare for interviews the way you prepare for the Pacific Northwest. Light layers, coordinated colors.3.  Your interview wardrobe reveals too much skinAvoid anything that’s distractingly short, ill-fitting, or tight. An interview is not the time to squeeze into your aspirational pants or the dress the dry cleaners shrunk that you’re still in mourning for. Get a second opinion from a friend in the know, whenever you’re in doubt. If I’d asked around, my colleagues elsewhere in publishing could have told me that dark slacks and a blazer would have been more appropriate than my erstwhile suit look.4.  You put your outfit together the morning of the interviewPractice ahead of time- try on your outfit a few days in advance! Make sure everything is  pressed, clean, tucked in, and that your shoes match. Know how to get your briefcase or your folder open easily.And stay calm! You’re still you, no matter what you wear- just put your best foot (and sleeve) forward.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response papers - Essay Example Being involved in sports as school children, athletes do not realize that emulating the big league is a useless, futile and expensive proposition, as there is no income and no media adulation. Parents' and society expectations take a serious toll on the athletes, with extreme peer pressure to succeed. This leads to suicides and depression in a very large number of school athletes, who lead their lives bearing the burden of expectations of their families and their school team coaches. In the article, Bissinger has explained in some detail the excesses that constitute a school sports system becoming an obsession. Although suicide and extreme emotional stress is talked about, a mention of the organizations and support groups who help these school kids would have not only exhibited the despair, but would have shown us the hope. Man is a social animal, and physical attractiveness is an important part of social interaction. The human baby is almost universally considered cute, as are the young of several other species. A case in point was Tai Shan the Panda, who generated an almost global wave of adoration when he was displayed in a zoo. Natalie Angier explains through an extensive range of examples, the advantages and the evolutionary need of being 'cute', whether for an animal, a human, or a product. The article explains the importance of humans finding their and other species' young cute as it evokes a desire of care-giving. Due to the physical vulnerability of human infants, evoking such a response in adults ensures their very survival. There are distinct physical traits in animals we find cute, such as forward facing eyes, a sideways walk and floppy ears, that we find appear enhanced and more prominent in children's' cartoon characters, at the cost of authenticity. The author cites evolutionary evidence and shows that humans are genetically hardwired to react positively to their young's need for care. Children's products all over the world exploit this uncontrollable charm in cute objects, by creating products that are found so by their target buyer. Everything from cars to dolls have been designed to evoke this emotion. The article does go into reasonable depth on the anthropological and psychological aspects of this perception, but could have additionally touched upon the potentially dangerous cosmetic surgeries that are performed all over the world to achieve attractiveness. The author could also have touched upon the distinction between feelings of care-giving and feelings of pity, as felt while looking at a malnourished child on TV. It will answer the question whether the feelings of adoration are stronger, or of pity. "Talk about editing" response paper Newspapers have served as a barometer of the times for more than a century, and the New York Times is an established name in daily newspapers, known all over the world for its objectivity and lucidity of style and content. An important part of the newspaper is the op-ed page, where anyone with an opinion and point of view on any topic may submit an article and have it printed. David Shipley's article explains in detail the process by which a submitted article is edited, including the importance of maintaining the purity of thought and the constant interaction of the editorial staff with the writer throughout the process. Editing starts with spelling and grammatical

Friday, October 18, 2019

Environmental Health Science - Reducing Air Pollution through the use Essay

Environmental Health Science - Reducing Air Pollution through the use of Oxygenated Gasoline - Essay Example description should include a description of 1) who (or what) was studied, 2) what type of study was used (toxicology or epidemiology, and which study design if the latter), 3) how exposure occurred and 4) one toxic endpoint. Use your own words; do not copy from the paper or abstract. Scientists for the State of California, the Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, UC Davis, reviewed existing literature on toxic effects of MTBE to freshwater organisms, and new information was generated on chronic, developmental toxicity in fish, and potential toxicity of MTBE on the California resident species. Based on the time of exposure and endpoint measured, MTBE was found to be toxic to various aquatic organisms at concentrations of 57-> 1000 mg/l (invertebrates), and 388-2600 mg/l (vertebrates). Developmental effects in medaka (Oryzias latipes) were not observed up to a concentration of 480 mg/l, and all fish hatched and were found to be performing feeding and swimming in a normal manner. Bacterial assays peformed proved to be most sensitive to toxicity to Salmonella typhimurium measured at 7.4 mg/l within 48 h. when observed for 5 days micro algae, showed decreased growth at 2400 and 4800 mg/l. This study concludes that MTBE does not appear to bioaccumulate in fish and is rapidl y excreted or metabolized. Although the available data suggests that at environmental MTBE exposure levels found in surface waters ( Exposure in human beings might occur through contact with skin, breathing exhaust fumes, consumption of contaminated water. For example: breathing fumes while pumping gasoline or in polluted city air, drinking or swimming in contaminated water and receiving MTBE treatment for gallstones. †¢ Name one

Warfarin Therapy Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Warfarin Therapy Issues - Essay Example HAS-BLED is made up of the first letters to health issues that the schema addresses: Hypertension, Abnormal kidney and/or liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INR, Elderly, and Drugs and/or alcohol. Lip discovered during the research that the combined usage of both CHADS2 and HAS-BLED tools could have prevented many of the bleeding issues found in previous cases. The results of the combined testing would have shown that in the case of your mother, Lip would have known which other drugs on the market, would work better for her needs. This would be the true value of evidence-based practice.In using the search question â€Å"how does warfarin therapy compared to other newer anticoagulants affect bleeding risks in older people in US,† another study was brought up that reflected a doctor’s experience with newer drugs, dabigatran and rivaroxaban, that differ in many ways from warfarin, although dabigatran has some history of stomach distress. As the author suggests, docto rs need to be mindful of the pharmacokinetics and action mechanisms of the drugs when considering whether to prescribe them to patients. The article is a well-researched overview of how he made his discoveries and applications and also has a full list of resources that would also be helpful for your research to obtain more data. The two resources referenced here provide a good starting point for your future research regarding your mother’s condition and how to create search terms as well (Melnyk&Fineout-Overholt, 2011).

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Organzition and Adminstraion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organzition and Adminstraion - Essay Example This paper looks into the US judicial system in terms of its administration and organization, as well as the various issues and concerns that beset it. Further, this paper presents possible solutions to the issues and concerns, along with an organizational model that would best answer the department’s prevalent concerns. The US federal courts comprise the Judiciary Branch of the government, which is organized under the US Constitution and the laws of the US federal government. The federal government as well as each of the forty-nine states has its own criminal justice system, which all respect the rights of the individual as set forth in the court interpretation of the US Constitution, and as defined in case law (Barnett, 2008). State constitutions and laws provide the definition of the criminal justice system of each state, and delegate the authority and responsibility over criminal justice to various jurisdictions, institutions and officials, as well as provide guidelines and definitions of criminal behaviors, groups of children and acts under the jurisdiction of juvenile courts (Ibid.). Further, for the processing of criminal justice that were not established by the State, municipalities and counties define through local ordinances prescribing the local agencies responsible for such cases. The US Congress, on the other hand, has also established a criminal justice system at the federal level to respond to such crimes as bank robbery, kidnapping, and even transporting stolen goods across states (Ibid.). The US justice system has three main components – the police, the courts and the corrections, reflecting the basic processes that justice is served under the US government. Each component functions a vital part in the whole system and is essentially indispensable. In other words, the system is not complete if any of the three components missing. The US

The Formation of the Islamic State Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Formation of the Islamic State - Assignment Example He was the founder and leader of al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad formed in the 1990s (Osobista 17). Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is the current leader of ISIS but before that he was an active Muslim cleric and a follower of Saddam Hussein. He preaches radical Islam and is believed to be a Caliph by his supporters. The two men play a role in the formation of ISIS as Zarkawis terrorist groups led to the formation of ISIS as well as the teachings of Baghdadi the leader of ISIS. Baghdadi was the leader of al-Qaeda in 2010 before the formation of ISIS in 2014. The two men were working together in terrorist attacks that later formed ISIS (Osobista 30). Baghdadi is a man of few words where one can say he is an introvert. History suggests that he was not a social person and did not have many friends. He is a caliph who spends most of his time in the mosque leading prayers. Baghdadi, unlike Zarkawi, is not a violent person. Zarkawi’s personality, on the other hand, is open right from his leadership of al Qaeda. He was the one leading in the radical teachings of Islam and had a large following (Osobista 15)..

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Organzition and Adminstraion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organzition and Adminstraion - Essay Example This paper looks into the US judicial system in terms of its administration and organization, as well as the various issues and concerns that beset it. Further, this paper presents possible solutions to the issues and concerns, along with an organizational model that would best answer the department’s prevalent concerns. The US federal courts comprise the Judiciary Branch of the government, which is organized under the US Constitution and the laws of the US federal government. The federal government as well as each of the forty-nine states has its own criminal justice system, which all respect the rights of the individual as set forth in the court interpretation of the US Constitution, and as defined in case law (Barnett, 2008). State constitutions and laws provide the definition of the criminal justice system of each state, and delegate the authority and responsibility over criminal justice to various jurisdictions, institutions and officials, as well as provide guidelines and definitions of criminal behaviors, groups of children and acts under the jurisdiction of juvenile courts (Ibid.). Further, for the processing of criminal justice that were not established by the State, municipalities and counties define through local ordinances prescribing the local agencies responsible for such cases. The US Congress, on the other hand, has also established a criminal justice system at the federal level to respond to such crimes as bank robbery, kidnapping, and even transporting stolen goods across states (Ibid.). The US justice system has three main components – the police, the courts and the corrections, reflecting the basic processes that justice is served under the US government. Each component functions a vital part in the whole system and is essentially indispensable. In other words, the system is not complete if any of the three components missing. The US

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Media Response Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Response - Research Paper Example Human behavior is the integral aspect of life since it regulates social interaction with others and determines his or her belief thereby making one unique from another. In relation to the mass media effects, there is the fact that mass media creates public opinion. Mass media perform a number of function key among which is agenda setting. Under this, a trending topic in the mass media immediately becomes a topical issue on every street. Additionally, the media has the ability to influence the opinion of its audience on the topical issues in the public domain. This makes the media the most powerful tool for spreading propaganda thereby intensifying the societal animosities. In his article, Said believes the Western media misrepresent Islam and Muslims. He also postulates that the media has established regulators who determine the media content and the western media has highly opinionated regulators who negate the faith through the spread of propaganda and hate media content. This has succeeded in developing a universal negative opinion against both the Islamic faith and Islamic countries (Said 42). He finds a way of arguing his facts but then he also has to understand that a book is particularly one of the most effective media and the ideas in his book. This includes shaping attitudes towards or against the western media especially in the Islamic society. To analyze his claims more effectively, on March 25, 2013 the New York Times ran a news story titled the U.S concedes control, almost, on Afghan prisoners. In this story, the journalist reports the fact that the United States military is slowly but steadily relinquishing the control of the country to the Afghanistans. One of the key steps towards that was the return of the Afghan prisons to the Afghanistan government. The reporter tries to remain integral in his report of the story articulating his facts clearly and corroborating most of his claims. Most of the prisoners are terrorists who had attempted or take n part in evident terrorist attacks. The journalist avoids the mention of Islam and does not refer to some of the world’s most notorious terrorist prisoners as Muslims, even though they are, but points them out as terrorist who had endangered the lives of many people who are both American and Afghans (Rod and Alissa 1). The story is sensitive since Said in his book claims that the western media has succeeded in labeling Muslims as terrorists. This story is published in a western newspaper and talks about an Islamic state and the terrorist activities in the country. The journalist who seems aware of such claims avoids associating the story to Islam in any way and concentrates only on the fact that the United States government had decided to give back the control of the country to the natives of the land. The journalist points out the weak institutions in the country such as the lacking prison services not in a manner that discredits the country but because the fact is of publi c interest. Terrorism is an international threat and some of the criminals in the story had served sentences at the Guantanamo bay and therefore require the most effective and sophisticated security system to restrain them from interacting with the society once again. It, thus, is in the public interest to know the fate and future of the prisoners especially now that the

Monday, October 14, 2019

Negative Effects of Pornography Essay Example for Free

Negative Effects of Pornography Essay According to research by Malumuth, men who fit the rapist’s profile report more sexually coercive behavior in the past and more sexually aggressive intentions for the future than do men who do not fit this profile, Men who fit the rapists profile are also more likely than other men to have high levels of arousal in response to violent pornography. The Family and Pornography -Married men who are involved in pornography feel less satisfied with their conjugal relations and less emotionally attached to their wives. Wives notice and are upset by the difference. -Pornography use is a pathway to infidelity and divorce, and is frequently a major factor in these family disasters. -Among couples affected by one spouses addiction, two-thirds experience a loss of interest in sexual intercourse. -Both spouses perceive pornography viewing as tantamount to infidelity. -Pornography viewing leads to a loss of interest in good family relations. The Individual and Pornography -Pornography is addictive, and neuroscientists are beginning to map the biological substrate of this addiction. -Users tend to become desensitized to the type of pornography they use, become bored with it, and then seek more perverse forms of pornography. -Men who view pornography regularly have a higher tolerance for abnormal sexuality, including rape, sexual aggression, and sexual promiscuity. -Prolonged consumption of pornography by men produces stronger notions of women as commodities or as sex objects. -Pornography engenders greater sexual permissiveness, which in turn leads to a greater risk of out-of-wedlock births and STDs. These, in turn, lead to still more weaknesses and debilities. Research on the effects of pornography on aggression has found that violent pornography tends to have greater immediate effects on male-to-female aggression that on male-to-male Other effects of pornography -Many adolescents who view pornography initially feel shame, diminished self-confidence, and sexual uncertainty, but these feelings quickly shift to unadulterated enjoyment with regular viewing. -The presence of sexually oriented businesses significantly harms the surrounding community, leading to increases in crime and decreases in property values. -The main defenses against pornography are close family life, a good marriage and good relations between parents and children, coupled with deliberate parental monitoring of Internet use. Traditionally, government has kept a tight lid on sexual traffic and businesses, but in matters of pornography that has waned almost completely, except where child pornography is concerned. Given the massive, deleterious individual, marital, family, and social effects of pornography, it is time for citizens, communities, and government to reconsider their laissez-faire approach. -Research demonstrates that exposure to films containing sexual violence against women results in inaccurate beliefs about rape, less sympathy toward victims of rape, and increased aggression to women. 1. Porn contributes to social and psychological problems within men Anti-pornography activist, Gail Dines, notes that round men who become addicted to porn, â€Å"neglect their schoolwork, spend huge amounts of money they don’t have, become isolated from others, and often suffer depression. Dr. William Struthers, who has a PhD is biopsychology from the University of Illinois at Chicago, confirms some of these and adds more, finding that men who use porn become controlling, highly introverted, have high anxiety, narcissistic, curious, have low self-esteem, depressed, dissociative, and distractible. Ironically, while viewing porn creates momentary intensely pleasurable experiences, it ends up leading to several negative lingering psychological experiences. 2. Porn rewires the male brain As men fall deeper into the mental habit of fixating on pornographic images, the exposure to them creates neural pathways. Like a path is created in the woods with each successive hiker, so do the neural paths set the course for the next time an erotic image is viewed. Over time these neural paths become wider as they are repeatedly traveled with each exposure to pornography. They become the automatic pathway through which interactions with women are routed.. They have unknowingly created a neurological circuit that imprisons their ability to see women rightly as created in God’s image. After all, pornography works in the most basic of ways on the brain: It is Pavlovian. An orgasm is one of the biggest reinforcers imaginable. If you associate orgasm with your wife, a kiss, a scent, a body, that is what, over time, will turn you on; if you open your focus to an endless stream of ever-more-transgressive images of cybersex slaves, that is what it will take to turn you on. The ubi quity of sexual images does not free eros but dilutes it. 3. Porn turns sex into masturbation Sex becomes self-serving. It becomes about your pleasure and not the self-giving, mutually reciprocating intimacy that it was designed for. 4. Porn demeans and objectifies women This occurs from hard-core to soft-core pornography. Soft-core pornography has a very negative effect on men as well. The problem with soft-core pornography is that it’s voyeurism teaches men to view women as objects rather than to be in relationships with women as human beings. Pornography gives men the false impression that sex and pleasure are entirely divorced from relationships. In other words, pornography is inherently self-centered – something a man does by himself, for himself, by using another woman as the means to pleasure, as yet another product to consume. One experiment shows that men and women who were exposed to large amounts of pornography were significantly less likely to want daughters than those who had none. Again, it needs to be emphasized, that this is not an effect that only rests upon those who have viewed porn. The massive consumption of porn and the size of the porn industry has hypersexualized the entire culture. Men and women are born into a pornified culture, and women are the biggest losers. By inundating girls and women with the message that their most worthy attribute is their sexual hotness and crowding out other messages, pop culture is grooming them just like an individual perpetrator would. It is slowly chipping away at their self-esteem, stripping them of a sense of themselves as whole human beings, and providing them with an identity that emphasizes sex and de-emphasizes every other human attribute. 5. Porn squashes the beauty of a real naked woman For most of human history, the erotic images have been reflections of, or celebrations of, or substitutes for, real naked women. For the first time in history, the images’ power and allure have supplanted that of them. Today, real naked women are just bad porn. 6. Porn has a numbing effect upon reality It makes real sex and even the real world become boring in comparison. It particularly anesthetizes the emotional life of a man. Pornography leaves men desensitized to both outrage and to excitement, leading to an overall diminishment of feeling and eventually to dissatisfaction with the emotional tugs of everyday life. Eventually they are left with a confusing mix of supersized expectations about sex and numbed emotions about women. When a man gets bored with pornography, both his fantasy and real worlds become imbued with indifference. The real world often gets really boring. 7. Porn lies about what it means to be male and female Pornography tells a false story about men and women. In the story of porn, women are â€Å"one-dimensional† – they never say no, never get pregnant, and can’t wait to have sex with any man and please them in whatever way imaginable (or even unimaginable). On the other hand, the story porn tells about men is that they are â€Å"soulless, unfeeling, amoral life-support systems for erect penises who are entitles to use women in any way they want.† These men demonstrated zero empathy, respect, or love for the women they have sex with.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Theories of Attention and Perception

Theories of Attention and Perception Moses Nhamburo How have psychologists sought to explain selective attention? To what extent have they been successful? According to Psychologists, selective attention is defined as an act where an individual tries to focus on a specific subject or object for a specific period of time, whereas at the same time ignoring several other irrelevant things which might be occurring around that person (Renninge et al, 2014). Such kind of situation occurs with everyone and every day. Psychologists have explained that since it is impossible for a normal human being to give attention to every stimulus in our environment, we tend to select or give attention to only those stimuli, which we believe is important for us. Psychologists have been successful in explaining the concept of selective attention to a larger extent. Their explanation is relevant to what we observe in our day-to-day lives. They have also explained that degree of selective attention can vary from one person to another, finally impacting their ability to focus or concentrate on some particular task. Distraction is one of the way through which psy chologists believe that selective attention can be minimised. For example, if one person is hungry, then he will probably focus more on his meal rather than checking an incoming call on his smart phone (Serences Kastner, 2014). Word count: 229 Compare and contrast two of the major theories of perception and evaluate their impact on psychologists understanding of how we perceive the world Two major theories of perception which can be used for this task is: Constructive aspect of perception Ecological aspect of perception. Joel Norman (2000), states that both these theories differ from each other, however both approaches towards perception can be considered as a valid definition of the perception, but they represent different aspect towards perception. In the constructivists approach, it is believed that the stimulus that reaches our senses are generally insufficient which triggers another perceptual system, and is considered to be intelligent (Warren Wertheim, 2014). It is important to understand that the perceptual system relies on a mechanism, which has inferential characteristics. Majority of the individuals face inherent equivocality associated with the stimulation, it can be said that the perceptual system enable an individual to overcome this equivocality. However this is in contrast to what several psychologists believe. Many psychologists believe on the ecological aspect of the perception further mention that information, which is present in the environment around us, is more than enough to fulfill the requirement of creating a perception and cannot be considered as equivocal in nature. That is why there is no requirement to pick any specific or relevant information. Psychologists who support the constructivists approach or perception believe that this theory of perception is multistage in nature where there are intermediate processes interlinking stimulation and perception. Or in other words this theory suggests that perception is indirect, whereas ecological theorists believe that perception is not a multi stage aspect but is single stage process, and can be considered as immediate and direct (Bevan Sparks, 2014). Psychologists supporting the constructive theory of perception believe that in formation of perception in this theory memory schema or metadata, which stores the past experience, play a critical role. On other hand ecological theory advocates the fact that in formation of perception there is hardly any role of memory and perception is generally formed on the basis of what a person experience at that very moment (Flom, 2014). It has been observed that people with constructivists approach excel in a process where analysis is involved, and there is certain mechanism of underlying perception. On other hand people who follow the ecological approach of perception excels at the analysis of the fact that how a stimulus might reach to the observer. Both these theories to a large extent have impacted psychologists in their understanding of how we perceive the world. Based on their experience psychologists believe that ecological approach of perception majorly parallels the dorsal system. Dorsal system is a system, which basically focuses on transformation of information, which is visual in nature into a framework, which is egocentric in nature, which allows the individual to grasp the object. On other hand constructivists approach parallels the ventral system (Stojanov Indurkhya, 2014). Ventral system is considered to be one of the most basic fundamental, which drives the entire visual processing in the brain. Ventral system is different from the dorsal system, as it transforms the visual information in such a form that it can be considered to be exocentric in nature. This in turn enables an individual to create a perception of the object and a relation with the real world is established. Thus it can be said that ecological theory of perception follows a dorsal system, which is focused more on seeing the motion such as a person grasping an apple to eat. On other hand the constructivists approach focuses on the ventral system, which is focused more towards understanding or knowing the environment rather than physically sensing the object. Word count: 598 Much has happened in the field of perceptual development since the early studies of Fantz, Bower, Gibson and Walk. Analyse how the nature/nurture debate today has been advanced by these early studies. Perceptual development can be defined as a process, which lays down a foundation through which we are able to interpret various types of events of the world-taking place in our environment. Much has changes after initial studies on perceptual development by Fantz, Bower, Gibson and Walk was done. Nature vs. Nurture debate to a large extent has advanced over a period of time. In this argument or discussion of perceptual development the basic argument that has existed since ages, that what exactly drive the process of perceptual development. There has been argument on the fact that whether it is nature, genetics, nurture or experience which his important for the sensory system of the human beings to operate (Augustinova Ferrand, 2014). Often it has been argued that in the process of perceptual development on one hand there is genetic position which is all required by the sensory system of the human beings and is considered to be the most critical factor of life, whereas on other hand it is considered that human beings are like a blank slates at the time of birth, and as we experience new things and aspects in life accordingly our perception is formed on that blank slate and we start perceiving things in life. Word count: 210 TAQ 5: Describe 2 pieces of research that has been used to investigate selective visual attention. Use the Stoop 1935 study and one more recent piece research, which use a more robust method than the original Stoop experiment. In psychology Stroop’s study in 1935 demonstrated that there could be possibility of interference in the reaction time of the task. For example when name of a color is printed in a color which is not denoted by the name, for example word ‘Blue’ printed in Red then in such situation it was found that naming of the word takes longer time as is prone to error. In Stroop’s experiment stimuli was divided into 3 groups namely: neutral, incongruent and congruent. Thus in a neutral stimuli in which only text or color is displayed (Ikeda et al, 2014). Congruent stimuli is the one in which the color of the ink and the word refer to the same color. Lastly in incongruent stimuli ink color and word both differ from each other. One of the relatively recent theories is Feature integration theory of attention, which was developed by Anne Treisman, and Garry advocated the fact that when a human being perceives a stimulus then in that process features are registered first in parallel whereas objects are identified separately. Thus according to this theory the visual attention goes through various stages from the point an object is seen till the point perception is made about the same. As per this theory first object is analysed, then its features are combined and ultimately perception is made. To a large extent this theory further substantiated the Stroop’s experiment with more logical explanation. The Animal Stroop task with children is a quite neat study. Evaluate both the piece of research. Why may the second piece of research be better than the original Stroop experiment Animal Stroop task was basically developed for kids, as the initial test on which Stroop’s experiment was based on the words and colors and due to limited reading abilities of the kids that test was not much successful when applied to the kids. Original Stroop task didn’t consider the visual aspect to a large extent (Anderson, 2014). It was more focused on how an individual reads a particular word and how he perceives that word on the basis of the color. It did not include the image aspect of the perception. On other hand the second experiment, which was based on the images of the animals, included both reading as well as visual perception. This tested the visual perception power of an individual as well. Unlike first test, which was purely based on how an individual perceives and interprets only the textual content, the second research also focused on testing of visual attention when images are displayed to the individual. It can be said that the second Stroop experime nt was more inclusive in nature as it included various other aspects as well, that is why it can be considered to be more comprehensive in nature and revealed more information about the perception making process in an individual Using the information from your answer above, explain how the research on selective visual attention has been applied practically in everyday life. As discussed in above sections, it can be clearly said that selective visual attention definitely has important role to play in our everyday life. Even though most of the time we don’t even realize that the phenomenon is taking place, but we do apply selective visual selection. Practically the concept is applicable in every possible aspect of life. For example you are scrolling through news feed of an online e-paper, however you will never read each and every line, but you will still be aware of that what the content is talking about. The moment we find some content, which we perceives as interesting we will stop scrolling, and start reading that content. Similarly, we are travelling by a local train, but we are not focused on our surroundings and are looking on our smart phone and ignoring the surroundings (Sperling Hsu, 2014). Thus this is a typical example through which it can be understood that how we are visually segregating our attention to only those things which we pe rceive as important. This capability allows human being to avoid getting distracting when the person is trying to focus on some important task. However distraction is the way through which the selective visual attention can be reduced as well. Word count: 707 References Renninger, A., Hidi, S., Krapp, A. (Eds.). 2014.The role of interest in learning and development. Psychology Press. Serences, J. T., Kastner, S. 2014. A multi-level account of selective attention.The Oxford Handbook of Attention, 76. Warren, R., Wertheim, A. H. (Eds.). 2014.Perception and Control of Self-motion. Psychology Press. Bevan, J. L., Sparks, L. 2014. The relationship between accurate and benevolently biased serial argument perceptions and individual negative health perceptions.Communication Research,41(2), 257-281. Flom, R. 2014. Perceptual narrowing: Retrospect and prospect. Developmental psychobiology. Stojanov, G., Indurkhya, B. 2014. Perceptual Similarity and Analogy in Creativity and Cognitive Development. InComputational Approaches to Analogical Reasoning: Current Trends(pp. 371-395). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Augustinova, M., Ferrand, L. 2014. Social priming of dyslexia and reduction of the Stroop effect: What component of the Stroop effect is actually reduced? Cognition,130(3), 442-454. Ikeda, Y., Okuzumi, H., Kokubun, M. 2014. Stroop-like interference in the real animal size test and the pictorial animal size test in 5-to 12-year-old children and young adults.Applied Neuropsychology: Child,3(2), 115-125. Anderson, N. H. (Ed.). 2014.Contributions To Information Integration Theory: Volume 1: Cognition. Psychology Press. Sperling, G., Hsu, A. 2014. Deriving the acuity and the capacity of visual spatial attention.Journal of Vision,14(10), 521-521. MOSES NHAMBUROPage 1

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Russian Bank Scandal :: essays research papers

On October 6, 1999 the news hour with Jim Lehrer air a focus topic called â€Å"Following the Money†. This focus discussion dealt with the Russian Bank Scandal. This scandal deals with the transfer of about seven billions dollars out of the Bank of New York to companies with Russian associations. Robert O’Harrow , a banking expert for the Washington Post, believes that this scandal will become a serious policy issue. Base on his conclusion of this becoming a serious problem, one may see that there are problems in the banking structure of the United States. In fact there has to be a problem when seven billion dollars of transions are made to foreign soils and no one throws up a red flag. One may also conclude that this scandal reaches further that the banking structure. The question must be ask, â€Å"Where is all this money coming from†? This money could be money that was given by the International Monetary Fund to help rebuild the fallen Russian economy. That mo ney could now be being used to support criminal activities. As we see now this could be not only an international problem, but a domestic problem also. In today’s warfare the victor is left in rebuilding the fallen enemy. In this case the United States won the cold war and is now left to pay the bill for rebuilding Russia. The money that is being use comes directly from taxpayers. I believe that this is the reason why Mr. O’Harrow believes this will have a serious effect on policy decision. If the money that is supposed to help the Russian people is being for wrongdoing and the Russians are behind this, the scandal could have a serious effect on U.S. and Russian relations. Policy makers will be force to make changes in the methods it helps Russian during this time of need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This scandal can be serious external triggering mechanism. With the scandal dealing largely with belief that international money is being used to support illegal activities could cause a major shift in decision making. At the moment the Intensity of this problem has not reach a level of alert. Mainly become most American do not see the potential backlash of this scandal. Once the facts come out and taxpayers are forced to tote the bill of paying back the lost funds then the matter will intensify. Also American can grow tired of given money to a country that does no use money for reasons the money was given to them.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Py 270 Appendix D

University of Phoenix Material Appendix D Psychological and Psychophysiological Stress Disorders Respond to the following: 1. Stress can be the root cause of psychological disorders. Name four symptoms shared by acute and posttraumatic stress disorders. 1) There can be re-experiencing events such as dreams. 2) Avoiding special circumstances where an event can remind the person of the event. 3) Losing interest in things that were once pleasurable. 4) Trouble sleeping and increased anxiety. 2.What life events are most likely to trigger a stress disorder? Any events that are considered stressors like every day happenings can trigger stress disorders. Events such as death, rape, assault, abuse can be triggers for a stress disorder. 3. Traumatic events do not always result in a diagnosable psychological disorder. What factors determine how a person may be affected by one such event? A persons tolerance to stress depends on genetic and biological factors. The brain can actually be changed by traumatic events.Certain personality characteristics make a person more prone to a psychological disorders. 4. What are the four stages in meeting the psychological needs of disaster victims? a. Psychological debriefing and/or medical care immediately following trauma. b. Therapy to aid in ending stress reactions. c. Therapy to help gain perspective on traumatic event. d. Therapy and assistance to enable individual to return to normal levels of functioning after trauma. 5. What is the link between personality styles and heart disease?There is a link between personality styles and heart disease. There are two basic personality types, type A and type B. Type A personalities tend to be more aggressive, angry more often, very driven, and impatient. Studies show a correlation between coronary heart disease and type A personalities. 6. List and briefly describe four psychological treatments for physical disorders. 1) Insight therapy and support groups- particularly if the ailment is de pression or panic disorders.This form of treatment will help the patient to process information and talk to others about coping mechanisms. 2) Cognitive interventions-patients learn to rid themselves of negative thoughts about the pain they are experiencing to keep their mind off of it. 3) Hypnosis-puts patients in a relaxed sleeplike state. The hypnotist talk positively about what the patient is experiencing and almost reverses the way of thinking about the pain. 4) Meditation-helps patients to go into a relaxed state and release stress.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Current English Law Essay

In relation to involuntary manslaughter what criticisms can be made of the current law. At present in English legal system there are two homicide offences murder and manslaughter. For the most serious, murder proof of an intention to kill or cause serious harm is needed for a successful conviction. If a partial defence is used in circumstances, such as provocation or diminished responsibility, then the offence is one of voluntary manslaughter. However, if someone kills but did not intend to cause death or serious harm but there was a death then they are liable to be convicted of involuntary manslaughter. There are numerous criticisms attached to Involuntary manslaughter as it covers a wide range of behaviour which can cause death, although one of the most prosecuted common law offences it is not yet become subject to any statutory definition or change and is in need of reform. Although Involuntary manslaughter is split up into two offences Gross negligence manslaughter and constructive/unlawful manslaughter a general criticism of involuntary manslaughter is that there are two major problems with the wide range of conduct covered by the offence. The offences range from cases which just fall short of murder where the accused was aware there was a risk of death or serious harm but did not intend to cause either to the victim (R v Wacker), cases where the person is a experienced professional who makes a small but serious mistake resulting in death ( R v Adomako) and cases whereby a minor assault can end in death (R v Mitchell). This leads to problems in sentencing and labelling, including the fundamental problem that many cases currently amounting to unlawful act manslaughter involve only minor fault on the part of the defendant, and therefore should not be described as manslaughter at all. The law commission have also identified a problem specific to constructive manslaughter the stated it is wrong for a defendant to be liable for a death which he did not intend or foresee, and which would not even have been foreseeable by a reasonable person observing his conduct. It is a huge problem as it only requires a foreseeable risk of causing some harm not death a proposal for reform is that there should be the abolition of constructive manslaughter this would not allow defendants to escape liability as they would be liable for the newly proposed offence of Reckless Killing. They also identified problems specific to gross negligence manslaughter. Gross negligence manslaughter depends on the defendant owing a duty of care to the victim and the seriousness of the breach of that duty A person can be liable for omissions as well as acts. In the case of Adomako it mixes the civil concepts of â€Å"negligence† and â€Å"duty of care† with that of criminal liability, creating uncertainty amongst cases as the gross negligence offence is based around a duty of care not civil matters. There are many inconstancies as The test in Adomako is circular the jury is to convict the defendant of a crime if they believe the conduct was ‘criminal’. This leaves a question of law to be decided by the jury who do not give reasons for their decisions or need to. The use of subjective recklessness manslaughter is also stated to be unneeded since Adomako.

Myrtle Wilson Themes of Class and Wealth Essay

We get the feeling that Myrtle Wilson is not an especially smart woman. Strung along by Tom, Myrtle is convinced that he loves her and would leave his wife for her if he could. The whole bit about Daisy being a Catholic and not believing in divorce is, as Nick points out, not remotely true. Because she is unhappy in her marriage to George, Myrtle is drawn to Tom for certain specific reasons. George is passive, but Tom is controlling and authoritative. Myrtle puts up with Tom’s physical abuse because she equates it with masculinity – a quality that in her mind is lacking in her husband. She even yells at George, â€Å"throw me and down and beat me, you dirty little coward!† Myrtle also adds to the novel’s themes of class and wealth. She insists that she married below her caste, that she believed certain things about George until they got married and it was too late, he borrowed a suit for the wedding, for example. Since Myrtle is quite obviously below the Buchanan’s class (yet another reason she goes for Tom), Fitzgerald ridicules her for insisting that she is above her husband. Myrtle has many hopes and Myrtle never really loved Tom but just wanted his money. She called his house during dinner to talk to him without even thinking that he might get caught. She does not respect him at all except for when she wants something. When she and Tom are at the party at the apartment, she disrespects Daisy and Tom hits her in the nose. Myrtle only wants to get away from the poor life with George and live more luxuriously with another man. She hopes that someday that Tom will leave Daisy and they can live together. The nature of Myrtle Wilson is apparent at the party in the apartment. Even though alcohol is prohibited during this time, she drinks freely. She also says that when she first met Tom Buchanan, she was attracted to him by his suit. Myrtle says, he had on a dress suit and patent leather shoes and I couldn’t keep my eyes off him. Myrtle is materialistic and she was very impressed with the expensive suit Tom had on. This meeting made her think even less of George because he had to borrow a suit for their wedding. Myrtle Wilson is a woman stuck in a bad marriage that can lone think of the higher part of society. She wants to have a rich husband and an expensive lifestyle. Her dream of such a lifestyle eventually leads to her demise.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Teaching foreign language through drama in education-portfolio entry Essay

Teaching foreign language through drama in education-portfolio entry - Essay Example These aspects present the advantages of using drama when teaching foreign languages (BRÄUER, 2002, p.72). Improvising entails applying imagined situation to develop spontaneous interaction. It is essential when teaching language because it enables students to develop creativity, builds confidence to interact with each other and with the instructor, promotes communication, makes the lesson enjoyable as it allows them to relax and have fun, and improves debate and public speaking skills (BYRAM &FLEMING, 1998, p.57). Role playing is one of the major themes in teaching as the student acts as someone else in the context of drama. Role playing is essential because it creates empathy and understanding as one is able to reflect a given issue from the perspective of others. It develops skills related to coping with conflicts and conflict management through team work. Through role playing, it is easier for students to undertake assignments that need creative and critical thinking such as news reporting (WINSTON, 2011, p.51). This aspect of instructing languages utilizes role play and improvisation to come up with a dramatization that is aimed at a specified audience. When teaching language, play building is useful in enhancing teamwork among students, enables students to develop a sense of belonging especially when there is an inclusive learning process, promotes negotiation skills especially in matters related to consensus building, and can be used in lessons involving presentations (BYRAM &FLEMING,1998,p.77). These arts are vital in developing creativity among language students. Students develop superb literary skills in different arenas of literature. Further, they will have sharp skills in story telling, which is essential in languages such as mastering spoken English. In addition, they are useful in developing comprehension

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

Sustainable Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Operations Management - Essay Example Its main focus is on the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes involved in value creation for sustainable development and growth. The term sustainability aims at keeping a balance between the human needs and prevention of the ecosystems on which our future generation depends. In specific, it refers to the exploitation of resources with the orientation of technological changes and minimal environmental damage to the present as well as future needs. The adoption of sustainable development theory is at an ever growing pace with the increased awareness of eco-friendly environment and analysis has indicated that since after the introduction of UN Agenda 21 (Moore, pp. 20-28, 2008), things seem to accelerate significantly in this area. In order to compete with the global market, businesses are paying more attention towards the environmental consequences of their products or services. They have realized the importance of operations strategy to support the company’s objectives and corporate goals. This trend has transformed the nature of operations to green product design, triple bottom line reporting and close-loop supply chains (Lippmann, pp. 1-9, 1999). The involvement of operations management is present from strategic to tactical and operational levels. Its activities include â€Å"site location, layout and structure, inventory management, traffic and materials handling, equipment selection and maintenance, designing technology supply chains, etc† (Metz, 1998). In this regard, this paper will focus on the issues companies confront while developing their policies regarding sustainable development (Moore, pp. 29-33, 2008) in the area of supply chain management. Supply Chain Management The term supply chain interchangeably used as ‘demand chain’ or ‘value chain’ refers to the voluntary commitments made by the companies to manage better relations with the suppliers (Metz, 1998). It manages in three different directions: t he information flow in all the departments, the funds flow and the materials flow to the concerned places. As the aim of this assignment is to identify and discuss some of the key issues faced by the companies in the development of a sustainable supply chain policy, it has been an observation that companies have realized that the value they provide to their customers in the form of a product or service is not enough to survive in this competitive world (Webb, pp. 1-5, 2000). There is a constant need to address and resolve the sustainability issues throughout the supply chain. â€Å"Some of the most popular and important approaches to SCM includes collaborative planning, outsourcing, customers-suppliers partnership and ISC (integrated supply chain) design† (OECD, 1999). In specific, there are three dimensions on the basis of which a sustainable supply chain policy is developed. Particularly, UN Agenda 21 (Moore, pp. 29-33, 2008) divided the dimensions in two categories: social and economic. However, this paper has identified environmental, social, and ethical concerns that directly affect the performance and image of the company. Environmental Issues: a) the use of natural resources b) gas emissions c) waste management concerns d) harmful substances e) energy consumption f) deforestation g) global warming h) ozone depletion i) Nuclear radiation. Social Issues: a) Role and responsibility of the company towards the social